Glossary of Proper Nouns
Chinese Personal Names
| Terms | Chinese | Korean | Explanation | Another Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ming Shenzong | 明神宗 |
명신종 (밍선쭝) |
(1563-1620 CE). The thirteenth emperor of the Ming Dynasty. Birth name Zhu Yijun 朱翊鈞, reign era name Wanli 萬曆. He was the third son of the Emperor Muzong 穆宗. While his early reign was relatively successful with Zhang Juzheng's 張居正 reforms and successful military operations in Joseon and Ningxia 寧夏, his long reign of forty-eight years witnessed the steady decline of the dynasty. | 만력(萬曆), 만력황제(萬曆皇帝), 신종(神宗), 신종황제(神宗皇帝), 신황(神皇) |
| Ming Shizong | 明世宗 |
명세종 (밍스쭝) |
(1507-1567 CE; r. 1521-1567 CE). The eleventh emperor of the Ming Dynasty and the cousin of the former Emperor Wuzong (武宗). Personal name Zhu Houcong (朱厚熜), reign era name Jiajing (嘉靖). He was enthroned when Emperor Wuzong (武宗) suddenly died without a heir. Although the Ming government enjoyed a degree of stability due to his long reign, his neglect of official duties resulted in an era of misrule. | 가정황제(嘉靖皇帝), 세묘(世廟), 세종(世宗), 세종황제(世宗皇帝) |
| Ming Taizong | 明太宗 |
명태종 (밍타이쭝) |
See Ming Chengzu (明成祖). | 문황(文皇), 문황제(文皇帝), 태종(太宗), 태종문황제(太宗文皇帝) |
| Ming Wuzong | 明武宗 |
명무종 (밍우쭝) |
(1491-1521 CE; r. 1505-1521 CE). The tenth emperor of the Ming Dynasty and the eldest son of Emperor Xiaozong (孝宗). Personal name Zhu Houzhao (朱厚照), reign era name Zhengde (正德). Though he was expected to be a benevolent and able emperor when he was the heir apparent, he was found to be a reckless and prodigal emperor. He died without a successor at the age of 30. | 무종(武宗), 무종황제(武宗皇帝), 정덕황제(正德皇帝) |
| Ming Xian Di | 明獻帝 |
명헌제 (밍센디) |
See Ming Ruizong (明睿宗). | 공목황제(恭穆皇帝), 공예연인극목순성헌황제(恭睿淵仁克穆純聖獻皇帝) |
| Ming Xianzong | 明憲宗 |
명헌종 (밍센쭝) |
(1447-1487 CE; r. 1464-1487 CE). The eighth emperor of the Ming Dynasty and the eldest son of Emperor Yingzong (英宗). Birth name Zhu Jianjun (朱見濬), reign era name Chenghua (成化). During his reign, peasant uprisings occurred frequently, and eunuchs' political power was increased. | 성화(成化), 성화황제(成化皇帝), 헌종(憲宗) |
| Ming Xiaozong | 明孝宗 |
명효종 (밍샤오쭝) |
(1470-1505 CE; r. 1487-1505 CE). The ninth emperor of the Ming Dynasty who succeeded Emperor Xiaozong (孝宗). Personal name Zhu Youcheng (朱祐樘), reign era name Hongzhi (弘治). His reign is called the Hongzhi Silver Age as the state's economy flourished, and political stability was strengthend. | 경황제(敬皇帝), 소성자수황태후(昭聖慈壽皇太后), 홍치(弘治), 홍치황제(弘治皇帝), 효종(孝宗), 효종경황제(孝宗敬皇帝), 효종황(孝宗皇), 효종황제(孝宗皇帝) |
| Ming Xizong | 明熹宗 |
명희종 (밍시쭝) |
(1605-1627 CE; r. 1620-1627 CE). The fifteenth emperor of the Ming Dynasty and the eldest son of Emperor Guangzong (光宗). Personal name Zhu Youxiao (朱由校), reign era name Tianqi (天啓). As he was illiterate and showed little interest in the affairs of the state, power fell into the hands of the chief eunuch Wei Zhongxian (魏忠賢), and by the end of his reign, the government had lost control of the empire. | 천계(天啓), 천계황제(天啓皇帝) |
| Ming Xuan Di | 明宣帝 |
명선제 (밍쉬안디) |
See Ming Xuanzong (明宣宗). | 선덕황제(宣德皇帝) |
| Ming Xuanzong | 明宣宗 |
명선종 (밍쉬안쭝) |
(1399-1435 CE; r. 1425-1435 CE). The fifth emperor of the Ming Dynasty and the eldest son of Emperor Renzong (仁宗). Personal name Zhu Zhanji (朱瞻基), reign era name Xuande (宣德). His reign is considered to be Ming's golden age without significant problems. He was also an accomplished painter. | 선(宣), 선덕황제(宣德皇帝), 선종(宣宗), 선종장황제(宣宗章皇帝), 선종황제(宣宗皇帝), 선황제(宣皇帝) |